my @arr = (1,2,3);
$arr[49] = 50; # Inserts empty items to 49th element!
my @words = qw( quoted words are cleverly done like this);
$last_index = @arr;
$arr_size = scalar(@arr);
 
##### Referencing Values #####
print $arr[0]; # First value;
print @arr[0..2,1]; # elements 0 through 2, element 1
 
##### Stacks and Queues #####
push @stack, $var; # inserts at end
$var = pop @stack; # removed from end
 
push @queue, $var; # inserts at end
$var = shift @queue; # removes from beginning
 
unshift @dequeue, $var; # insert at beginning
$var = pop @dequeue; # remove from end
 
##### Iterations (Loops) ######
 
foreach my $elem (@array) { print $elem; }
 
for (my $i=0; $i<=@#array; $i++) { print $array[$i]; }
for (my $i=0; $i<scalar(@array); $i++) { print $array[$i]; }
 
while (my $elem = shift @array) { print $elem; }
# Note that @array is destroyed
 
##### Cool Functions #####
 
@arr = sort @arr;
 
##### True or False? #####
 
# True if defined and has at least 1 element in array
if (@arr) ...

Now let’s see that as references!

my $arr = [1,2,3];
$arr->[49] = 50; # Inserts empty items to 49th element!
my $words = \qw( quoted words are cleverly done like this);
$last_index = @$arr;
$arr_size = scalar(@$arr);
 
##### Referencing Value #####
 
print $arr->[0]; # first item
print @$arr; # Whole array
print @{$arr}; # Whole array
  # the last syntax can handle complex values such as...
print @{$hash->{key}}; # A hash reference to an array ref.
print @{$arr}[0,2]; # Returns element 0 and 2 as a list
 
##### Stacks and Queues #####
push @$stack, $var; # inserts at end
push @{$stack}, $var; # inserts at end
$var = pop @$stack; # removed from end
 
push @$queue, $var; # inserts at end
$var = shift @$queue; # removes from beginning
 
unshift @$dequeue, $var; # insert at beginning
$var = pop @$dequeue; # remove from end
 
##### Iterations (Loops) ######
 
foreach my $elem (@$array) { print $elem; }
 
for (my $i=0; $i<=@#$array; $i++) { print $array->[$i]; }
for (my $i=0; $i<scalar(@$array); $i++) { print $array->[$i]; }
 
while (my $elem = shift @$array) { print $elem; }
# Note that @array is destroyed
 
##### Cool Functions #####
 
@arr = sort @$arr;
 
##### True or False? #####
 
# True if defined and has at least 1 element in array
if (@$arr) ...
 
# True if an array reference... 
if (ref($arr) eq 'ARRAY') ...